A close-up of various fresh vegetables and mushrooms in a pan on a wooden surface.

Discover the Fascinating World of Edible Mushroom

/ Food / By

Introduction

A mushroom is the umbrella-shaped, spore-bearing body of a fungus. Some mushrooms, referred to as toadstools, can be poisonous to humans. However, there is no clear distinction between these names, as both are used to describe fleshy fungi. Mushrooms belong to the kingdom Fungi, along with yeasts, mildews, molds, rusts, and smuts. They are neither plants nor animals. Some mushrooms can also be hallucinogenic and have historically been associated with mystical events. They are classified into four groups: edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms, and other mushrooms. The term “mushroom” is often applied to fungi that possess a stem, a cap, and gills. Mushrooms were considered the plant of immortality and a divine gift in Ancient Egypt (4600 years ago), reserved for royalty. Mushroom cultivation began in Asia, particularly China, around 600 AD. Nowadays, mushrooms are cultivated from Fukushima Prefecture in Japan to the Lower Silesia Forest in Poland, as well as from Pennsylvania in the US to Maastricht in the Netherlands.

A close-up shot of fresh Chanterelle mushrooms in a woven basket, perfect for culinary uses.

Nutritional composition

Mushrooms contain minimal levels of carbohydrates, fiber, and proteins. However, they are rich in vitamins, including vitamin C, D, Riboflavin (B2), folate (B9), Pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), Thiamine (B1), and Niacin (B3). They also contain various minerals, such as selenium, calcium, copper, magnesium, iron, sodium, zinc, potassium, and phosphorus. Additionally, mushrooms contain amino acids like glutamic acid, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamate, and cysteine. Furthermore, they contain fatty acids, for example, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, adrenic acid, and nervonic acid. Phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, and pyrogallol, are also present in mushrooms. Importantly, mushrooms contain bioactive polysaccharides, peptides, dietary fibers, and choline, all of which have health-promoting properties.

Health benefits

Mushrooms offer numerous health benefits due to their nutritional content. The fiber content of mushrooms is beneficial for individuals with Type 2 diabetes as it helps maintain their health condition. The fiber and vitamin C in mushrooms contribute to cardiovascular health, while the potassium content aids in regulating blood pressure. Mushrooms also contain folate, which is necessary for maintaining fetal health in pregnant women. The antioxidants present in mushrooms, such as selenium, vitamin C, and choline, help eliminate free radicals, byproducts of metabolism that cause oxidative stress. Additionally, these antioxidants have been suggested to potentially help prevent certain cancers, such as breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Interestingly, mushrooms contain beta-glucans, a type of fiber that helps reduce blood cholesterol. Mushrooms are also immune boosters due to their selenium content, which aids in the production of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, vitamin D and B6 in mushrooms contribute to cell growth and red blood cell formation, respectively. Despite the health benefits of mushrooms, some varieties, such as Psilocybin mushrooms (also known as magic mushrooms), can lead to side effects if ingested. These side effects may include anxiety, fear, muscle twitches, and nausea. Other experiences may include increased heart rate and blood pressure.

People practicing yoga on mats outdoors during sunset, focusing on wellness.

Uses

Mushrooms are widely utilized in various cuisines and are renowned for their delicious flavors. They can be used as pizza toppings and in different sauces. Mushrooms also find application in making soups and salads. Portobellas, in particular, can serve as meat substitutes owing to their distinctive flavor and texture. In some parts of Asia, mushrooms like shiitakes, enoki, and oyster mushrooms are commonly incorporated into stir-fries, soups, and sauces. However, it is crucial to note that improper storage of mushrooms can result in bacterial growth and potentially lethal consequences. To prevent this, it is advisable to store mushrooms in a paper bag to impede moisture buildup and keep them in the refrigerator.

The Hidden Kingdom: A Tale of Fungi

Fungi, a kingdom older than our own, form a vast, interconnected network beneath our feet. This “mycelium” connects plants, sharing resources and even warnings. While we breathe in oxygen, many fungi do the opposite, playing a vital role in our planet’s balance. From the bioluminescent mushrooms that glow in the dark to the deadly death cap, the fungal world is full of surprises. Some, like the Yartsa Gunbu, are incredibly valuable, while others, like the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, are terrifying parasites that control their hosts. But fungi also hold the key to a sustainable future. Recently, scientists discovered a fungus that can break down plastic, offering hope in the fight against pollution. The fungal kingdom, a world of hidden wonders, reminds us of the incredible diversity and power of life on Earth.

A top-down view of fresh vegetables including tomatoes, mushrooms, peppers, and garlic in a circular pan.

References